Guardians of Freedom, Willpower, and Cleansing Energy
In the vibrant spiritual universe of Umbanda, the Boiadeiros and Boiadeiras arrive like a gust of wind from the sertão (Brazilian backlands), bringing with them the essence of courage, resilience, and a deep connection to nature. With lassos in hand and the sound of the berrante (blowing horn) echoing through the terreiro (Umbanda ritual space), these spirits embody the pioneering spirit of Brazil’s mixed-race cowboys and cowgirls.
Like the Caboclos, from whom they share similarities, and the wise Pretos-Velhos, the Boiadeiros work tirelessly to guide, protect, and cleanse. Yet, their energy is distinct—marked by determination, freedom, and an unyielding willpower that sweeps away negativity and restores balance.
Who Are the Boiadeiros and Boiadeiras in Umbanda?
Origins and Identity of the Boiadeiros and Boiadeiras
The Boiadeiros and Boiadeiras (male and female cattle herders) represent the spirits of those who lived as cowboys, cattle drivers, and farmworkers across Brazil’s vast lands. Often referred to as Caboclos de Couro (Leather Caboclos) or Caboclos de Lei (Law Caboclos), they embody the strength and resilience of Brazil’s mestizo people—those born from the union of Indigenous, African, and European ancestries.
They were people of the boundaries—geographically, socially, and spiritually. Living at the frontier between Indigenous territories, colonial settlements, and enslaved communities, Boiadeiros moved between worlds. This condition allowed them to develop a unique spiritual identity, rooted in flexibility, cross-cultural wisdom, and lived resilience.
From Manifestation to a Spiritual Line
As a modern spiritual line, the Boiadeiros originated within the Linha dos Caboclos. During spiritual works led by Caboclos, entities began to present themselves with distinct characteristics tied to the life of Boiadeiros and Boiadeiras. Over time, these manifestations became more frequent and structured, eventually giving rise to a distinct spiritual line.
Nowadays, most terreiros (Umbanda ritual spaces) recognize the Boiadeiros and Boiadeiras as an independent line within Umbanda’s spiritual framework. And because of their deep-rooted connection to the Caboclos, in some terreiros—though not common—a Boiadeiro may even assume the role of spiritual leader, a position traditionally held by a Caboclo. This rare occurrence highlights both their shared origins and the respect Boiadeiros have earned within Umbanda’s spiritual hierarchy.
Modern Spirits and the Embrace of Diversity
The Boiadeiros, shaped by a more modern era, bring practical wisdom and resilience from their experiences in Brazil’s backlands—familiar with iron tools, modern rural life, and constant adaptation. This connection to modern life differentiates them from the Caboclos, offering a perspective closer to our realities. Boiadeiros approach spiritual work differently—blending practicality with spiritual strength and addressing challenges with a modern mindset.
This diversity shows how Umbanda embraces both ancient and modern spirits, honoring wisdom from every era and welcoming all spiritual journeys.
Spiritual Connections: Oshóssi and Other Orishás
The entire line of Boiadeiros follows the influence of the Orishá Oshóssi. This connection reflects their deep ties to hunting, nature, and spiritual guidance. Because of Oshóssi’s influence and their historical closeness to Indigenous peoples in life, they maintain a strong spiritual kinship with the Caboclos, sharing values of protection, agility, and communion with the natural world.
Though rooted in Oshóssi, individual Boiadeiros and Boiadeiras may serve other Orishás. Whether serving Ogún, Shangó, or others, their purpose and manner of incorporation remain consistent. A Boiadeiro working for Ogún will act much like one serving Shangó. Both execute the directives of their respective Orishás without absorbing their distinct characteristics. Their identity as Boiadeiros remains unwavering, always focused on protection, cleansing, discipline, and the unique energy of their line.
Key Spiritual Roles in Umbanda
The Boiadeiros and Boiadeiras are known for their dynamic and essential roles within the terreiro (ritual space). While their spiritual work focuses strongly on cleansing, it also extends far beyond—embodying guidance, protection, and fostering harmony with nature.
Masters of Cleansing and Protection
Boiadeiros specialize in removing miasmas (negative energies), kiumbas (obsessive spirits), and dense spiritual influences. Using symbolic tools like lassos and whips, they “capture” and dispel harmful energies, purifying both people and spaces. They also act as vigilant guardians during giras (spiritual gatherings), fortifying mediums and shielding them from negativity.
Guiding Lost Spirits
Just as they once herded cattle, Boiadeiros guide disoriented eguns (spirits) back to the path of light and spiritual evolution.
Wisdom, Guidance, and Harmony with Nature
With straightforward language, Boiadeiros offer practical advice, helping seekers face challenges with determination and faith. Moreover, deeply connected to nature, they promote respect and balance between humans and the environment.
These roles define the unique presence of Boiadeiros and Boiadeiras in Umbanda—more than protectors, they are dynamic forces of purification, discipline, and harmony.
Spiritual Tools, Symbols, and Expressions of the Boiadeiros
The Boiadeiros’ instruments and rituals reflect their earthy origins and spiritual authority. Each object they use carries deep symbolic and energetic meaning.
Ritual Tools and Symbols
The lasso and whip, almost always present in their spiritual work, are not just emblems of their past as cattle herders—they serve as powerful tools to capture negative energies and guide lost spirits. The leather hat and gibão, a rugged leather jacket traditionally worn in the backlands of Brazil’s northeastern region, express their strong connection to rural life and the traditions of the backlands.
The Berrante, Candles, and Sacred Marks
The berrante, a traditional blowing horn, is one of their most striking tools. The Boiadeiros use the berrante to establish their presence and bring order within the terreiro, echoing the calls once used to gather cattle. Candles, ponto riscado (sacred drawings), and prayers anchor the Boiadeiro’s presence and amplify their spiritual influence.
Energy Manipulation During Giras
During giras, elements such as meladinha (cachaça—Brazilian sugarcane spirit—mixed with honey), wine, cigars, and rolled tobacco are employed as potent spiritual tools. These items channel energy to cleanse, protect, and strengthen mediums and seekers. Their presence enhances the energetic atmosphere of the terreiro, anchoring the Boiadeiros’ work in a balance between their earthly heritage and their spiritual mission.
Dance and Movement as Spiritual Cleansing
Their dance mimics guiding cattle, transforming gestures and shouts into living tools of energy cleansing. When incorporated, Boiadeiros bring vitality to the terreiro, dispersing heavy energies through dynamic spiritual expression.
Garrafadas and Patuás: Blended Healing Practices
Because of their cultural background and lived experience in diverse communities, Boiadeiros became masters of combining healing practices. They often use garrafadas—medicinal herbal infusions drawn from folk knowledge—for physical and spiritual ailments. They also prepare patuás. These are small amulets or bundles made with symbolic elements and prayers, designed to offer spiritual protection, good luck, and energetic support. These tools highlight the Boiadeiros’ practical approach to healing and their intimate connection with Brazil’s blended spiritual heritage.
Archetypes of Strength and Spirit
The diversity within the Boiadeiros and Boiadeiras line goes far beyond personality traits. These spirits manifest across a wide range of ages, temperaments, and regional identities. Some appear as elder herders. Others show up as youthful figures. Each reflects Brazil’s rural energy and traditions from the Northeast, South, or Midwest.
Ultimately, this richness reflects the blending of races and cultures that shaped Brazil’s identity. Every Boiadeiro or Boiadeira carries a story connecting seekers to the land, culture, and resilience.
Names like Boiadeiro Zé do Laço, known for his mastery with the lasso, or Boiadeira Maria Bonita, embodying fierce independence, are more than identifiers. Indeed, they symbolize specific virtues and energies. Boiadeiro João Mulato reflects Brazil’s cultural blending, while Boiadeiro Sete Flechas channels precision and protection. In this way, these names serve as living archetypes, offering guidance, strength, or comfort to those who seek them.
In essence, each Boiadeiro and Boiadeira bridges Brazil’s cultural history and Umbanda, showing that diversity holds spiritual power.
How Umbanda Celebrates Boiadeiros and Boiadeiras
Terreiros celebrate with music, dance, and offerings that honor the rural spirit and vibrant energy of the Boiadeiros. Many terreiros hold celebrations on July 2nd, a date linked to the “Day of the Caboclos“, also known as Bahia’s Independence, where Caboclos symbolize freedom and resilience.
Greeting the Boiadeiros and Boiadeiras in Umbanda
The greeting “Getruá Boiadeiro” or “Xetro Marrumbaxêttro” is more than a simple salutation—it’s a sacred call that summons the safeguarding and purifying presence of the Boiadeiros and Boiadeiras. As it echoes through the terreiro, it sets the spiritual tone and signals the start of their work.
A Simple Ritual to Connect with the Boiadeiros
This Umbanda ritual offers a moment of grounding, purification, and alignment with the earthy strength of the Boiadeiros. It is not meant to invoke them directly, but to create space for clarity, presence, and spiritual discipline.
What You Need:
- A white candle
- A small glass of meladinha (cachaça mixed with honey) or black tea if alcohol is not preferred
- A quiet and clean space
Steps:
- Place the candle and glass of meladinha or tea on a clean surface or simple home altar.
- Light the white candle and take a few moments to breathe deeply, standing or sitting firmly, feet connected to the ground.
- Say the greeting: “Getruá Boiadeiro!”
- Speak with sincerity. Ask for clarity, strength, or discipline to face a current situation. Let your words be simple and direct.
- Close your eyes and visualize a clearing path ahead, as if swept open by a lasso.
- Remain in silence for a few moments, focusing on inner steadiness and peace.
- Let the candle burn naturally. Dispose of any remains with care and respect.
This is not a mediumistic incorporation, but a ritual of presence and alignment. It honors the spirit of the Boiadeiros through discipline, humility, and connection to the land.
The Legacy of Boiadeiros in Umbanda
The Boiadeiros and Boiadeiras embody the heart of Brazil’s rural soul—marked by simplicity, strength, and an unwavering connection to the land, animals, and spiritual realms. Indeed, they remind us that freedom, willpower, and discipline overcome life’s obstacles.
Whether clearing negative influences, protecting mediums, or teaching the value of hard work, Boiadeiros are essential allies on the spiritual path.
Have you witnessed a Boiadeiro’s energy in a gira or felt their protection? Share your story in the comments!
Getruá Boiadeiro! May their strength guide and protect you.
Ashé—until next time, keep the spirit of freedom alive.
Curious about other spiritual lines? Discover more about the Exus, Pretos-Velhos and Marinheiros in Umbanda.
